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Introduction and Purpose pe"(# 1 X$II. Basic Installation pe"(# 3 X$III. User Documentation (Tutorial) pe"(# 4 X$X` ` 0$A. PMP Special Purpose Keys ` pe"(# 4 X$X` ` 0$B. Making Menu and Choice List Selections ` pe"(# 5 X$X` ` 0$C. Menu Layout ` pe"(# 5 X$X` ` 0$D. Processing a Scanned Pin Meter Image ` pe"(# 6 X$IV. Sample Configuration (Output Options) pJ"(# 13 X$V. Creating and Using Calibration Files pJ"(# 13 X$VI. Enabling the Digitize Image Menu Option in PMP pJ"(# 15 X$PMP Technical Reference pJ"(# 16 X$I. PMP System Requirements pJ"(# 16 X$X` ` 0$A. Minimum Requirements ` pJ"(# 16 X$X` ` 0$B. Preferred Configuration ` pJ"(# 16 X$II. File Formats pJ"(# 17 X$X` ` 0$A. PCX ` pJ"(# 17 X$X` ` 0$B. RAW ` pJ"(# 17 X$X` ` 0$C. CAL ` pJ"(# 18 X$X` ` 0$D. PIN ` pJ"(# 18 X$X` ` 0$E. Configuration PMP.CFG ` pJ"(# 19 X$X` ` 0$F. Sample Configuration File PMP.CFG ` pJ"(# 22 X$III. Advanced/Alternate Installations pJ"(# 23 X$X` ` 0$A. The PMP Configuration file ` pJ"(# 23 X$X` ` 0$B. Scanner Swapping Details. ` pJ"(# 23 X$X` ` 0$C. PMP Configurations: Configuring for multiple users/profile meters. ` pJ"(# 24 X$IV. PMP Configurations: Tuning PMP and other helpful hints. pJ"(# 25 X$V. Scanner Tutorial pJ"(# 26 X$X` ` 0$A. Reference ` pJ"(# 26 X$X` ` 0$B. Specifics for HS3000 ` pJ"(# 26 X$VI. Error Messages pJ"(# 27 $0*0*0*  X X` hp x (#%'0*,.8135@8: & (# ?$Use either of these keys to move FORWARD from one input field to the next. In most cases the key will move you to the next field in the form, however the key is the true field entry key.(#  xP b.?$ & (# ?$Use either of these keys to move BACKWARD from one input field to the previous one.(#  xP 2.Arrow Keys(# The Arrow keys may be used to move around inside of fields. In certain types of fields (single line input fields), the up and down arrow keys will move you from to other fields. Remember though that the true field movement keys (/ & /) are required to leave multiline input fields (comment fields).(#  xP 3.Help Key(# The function key is the help key. If it is pressed, it brings up the current field/form help screen. Depressing a second time will bring up the system help display. The system help gives a quick overview of all the special purpose keys. Besides having two levels of help (field/form level and system leve), most fields will display a description of what is required of the user at that instance in the bottom line of the screen as well. The key will remove the help screens from the display.(#  xP  4.Choice List (popup) Key(# If the field you are in makes use of a choice list, such as file selection, then the key will bring the choice list up and allow you to make your selection. In many situations the choice list will automatically be displayed when you enter the field. If you desire to remove the choice list screen, pressing the key will accomplish that feat.(#  xP! 5.Quit Form/Field Key(# If you want to abandon a form without saving any of the choices or entries that you have made, use the or key. Also, if you want to restore the current field entry, pressing will usually do so. This key can be thought of as an undo key in most instances. Most of the input forms will ask if you really want to quit a form if changes have been made, thereby giving you the chance to save them if you accidentally forgot.(#  xP' 6.Save Form (Exit) Key(#'0*((@@ԌUse the key to exit the current form and save the changes that you have made. If the form still requires additional information before you can leave it, it will prompt you about the problem.(#  yOX  B. Making Menu and Choice List Selections  To make a menu selection you may either use the cursor keys to move the highlight bar over the option and then press , or you may press the letter that is highlighted in the option string to immediately select that menu choice and proceed with executing that selection's action, whether it be performing a specific function, displaying an input form on the screen, or bringing up a secondary level menu.(# If a choice list is not already active for a field that has one associated with it, press the key to raise the choice list. To select an item from the choice list use, the cursor keys to move to the option you want. Then press and the selection should show up in the input field.(#  yO  C. Menu Layout  There are two primary menus, the Main Menu and the Configuration Menu. The Option Type field describes what type of action to expect when selecting the corresponding Menu Item. An option type of Menu means that another menu form will be displayed. The Form option type specifies that an input form will be displayed and the specified operation is performed when a Function option type is selected. Table's II and III list the menu options and a brief synopsis of what each option does.(#  yO0 ^ Table II. Main Menu * O !ddx!;=  A\<<  O  Menu Option Menu Item Item Type Descriptioin Configuration MENU Configure the PMP program, Scanner, Pin Meter, etc. Digitize Image` FUNCTION` Calls the users digitizing scanner program. Select Image@ FORM@ Select the image to analyze and enter the appropriate data.` Analyze Image  FUNCTION  Display image, mark reference locations, AOI and detect the pins.@ Display Output FUNCTION Display results of the Analysis to the display.  Print Output FUNCTION Print results of the Analysis to the display. File Output FUNCTION File results of the Analysis in the PIN directory. Exit FUNCTION Leave the PMP program go back to DOS.   yO@  YiTable III. Configuration Menu * T A\<<   aD<<  6 T  Menu Option Menu Item Item Type Description Analysis/Output Options! FORM! Specify analysis to perform and output format.( results.  Pin Meter Parametersp" FORMp" Specify the parameters for a particular Pin Meter.! Create Calibration FileP# FORMP# Create a file for calibration of future image files.p" System Defaults0$ FORM0$ Customize the PMP program to your preferences.P# Scanner and Swapping Parameters% FORM% Options for using a scanner program in the PMP.0$ Save Parameters% FORM & FUNCTION& Save your changes into a configuration file.% System Status' FUNCTION' Display system information on your screen.&'0*((@@  yO  D. Processing a Scanned Pin Meter Image  Before proceeding with the example files demonstrating how to process a digitized image with PMP, an understanding of how PMP handles the data will be beneficial. PMP uses four types of files: 1) the scanned image in a digitized PCX graphics format (PCX filetype), 2) information specific to a particular scanned image that is obtained from the user via PMP (RAW filetype), 3) user selected format for the elevation data (PIN filetype), and 4) calibration files (CAL filetype). These four filetypes are kept in separate directories in the default installation, although that is not strictly required. Future references to these filetypes will use the shorthand notation introduced here (PCX, RAW, PIN, and CAL filetypes). A detailed explanation of each filetype and their formats are provided in the PMP Technical Reference under Section II. File Formats.(# For the tutorial, we will first assume that some pin meter images have been digitized with a scanner and that these images have been stored in the default PCX directory (c:\pmp\data.pcx). Two sample files were copied  yP( into that directory during the installation process, tutor1.pcx and tutor2.pcx .(#  yP The first image, tutor1.pcx , already has the area of interest (AOI) region and reference labels marked (a  yP  tutor1.raw file in the c:\pmp\data.raw directory already exists). All that is required by the user is to select the DETECT option on the graphics display to generate a PIN file (in c:\pmp\data.pin directory) giving the  yP elevation data. If you want to use tutor1.pcx again in the original state provided by the installation program,  yP you will need to copy tutor1.raw from the installation disks RAW (a:\data.raw) directory into the current PMP RAW directory (c:\pmp\data.raw), or make a copy before you start.(#  yP5 The second image, tutor2.pcx , will be unlabeled and the user will be able to use it for practicing the labeling  yP of the area of interest region, reference, and pin labels. Since the tutor2.pcx file has no labeling performed beforehand, you will be able to use it for practicing the labeling steps. If you want to practice with the  yP  tutor2.pcx file more than once you can simply erase its RAW file ( tutor2.raw in c:\pmp\data.raw) which  yPX contains all the user supplied information for a processed image prior to using tutor2.pcx again.(#  xP  1. a. i.(1)(a)(i) 1) a) 1. a. i.(1)(a)(i) 1) a)1.To procede with the actual stepbystep tutorial, change into the PMP directory. If you followed the installation  yP instructions in Section II , then you need to do the following by typing:(# #x  `w;X# $C: $cd \pmp  2 $pmp#` [ P!_)P#  yPb Now choose the SELECT IMAGE form option ( see Figure 1 ).(#  Figure 1  Figure 1.  Figure 1.  Figure 1. !X @ k"ddGRABA.PCXX (D" xP ԎThe PMP Main Menu '0*((@@Ԍ Function:  yP ?$In this form you select the image to analyze and enter the data that is relevant to the image ( see Figures  yPY 2 & 3 ).(# Process:  yPz a.Choose the image you want to perform the analysis upon. In this case choose tutor1.pcx or tutor2.pcx from the scrollable choice list.(# AX @ ddGRABB.PCX X (DC xP ԎThe File Selection Menu with choice list activated aX @ #ddGRABC.PCX X (DF xP ԎThe File Selection Menu after the selection was made.  xP# b. Enter the name of the Pin Meter operator into the OPERATOR field, the name of the site into the SITE LOCATION field, and any pertinent comments into the COMMENTS field.(#  xPK& c.Now depress the key on the keyboard. This will save the information and exit you out of the selection form.(#' 0*((@@Ԍ xP 2.Now select the ANALYZE IMAGE option in the main menu.(# Function: ?$This option selects the graphical screen and interface which allows you to analyze the pin meter image. You will define the area of interest region, label the reference mark locations on the pin meter image and then run the detect (pin tip location) routine. If any labels are incorrectly placed you must correct them  yP using the mouse ( see Figure 4 for the starting screen of the Analyze Routine ).(# < N (ddGRAB_01.PCX <<(D  xP ԎStarting Screen  xP a. Scrolling a Pin Meter Image.(#  xPQ i.?$Move the mouse pointer to the upper right corner of the screen, where the cluster of boxed arrows is  yP located ( see Figure 5 ).(#  xP ii.?$Place the mouse pointer in the box that contains the arrow indicating the direction you want the image to scroll.(#  xPr iii.?$Depress the right mouse button and hold down until the image has scrolled the desired distance.(# < N z(ddGRAB_02.PCX <<(D- xP ԎPointer is on the Scroll Box % 0*((@@  xP b.Label types.(# There are three types of labels that can be placed on the image, 1) AOI or area of interest labels that are used to mark the bounding region that the PMP will examine for pin tips, 2) REF or reference labels that are used to indicate the location of the reference marks, and 3) PIN labels that are used to identify the locations of the pin tips.(#  yPx  Selecting different types of labels .(# On the top line of the display in the Analysis graphics screen you will notice a cluster: REF/PIN/AOI (xxx/yyy). Where xxx is the number of labels of the current type that have been placed and yyy is the number of labels that should be placed overall. The xxx and yyy numbers will be the same color as either REF,PIN or AOI in the REF/PIN/AOI label. This also distinguishes which label type is currently selected. If PIN label type is selected then PIN, xxx and yyy will all be the same color. REF and AOI will be the default TXT_COLOR. The default colors can be changed in the Configuration Menu.(#  yP  Adding a label .(# Move the mouse pointer to the location that you want to label and depress the right mouse button to label that location.(#  yPj  Removing a label .(# Move the mouse pointer to the label that you want to remove and depress both mouse buttons simultaneously to remove it.(#  yPS  AOI labels .(# Area of interest labels are used to mark the bounding area that the PMP will examine for pin tips. You place two opposite corners of the rectangle that forms the region. PMP will draw a rectangle around the region after  yPt the second mark is labeled ( see Figures 6 & 7 ).(# <  (ddGRAB_03.PCX <<(D2 xP ԎPointer is labeling AOI #1 Corner<  (ddGRAB_04.PCX <<(D2 xP ԎPointer is labeling AOI #2 corner ' 0*((@@  yP  REF labels .(# These are used to label the reference marks that are on the pin meter. PMP uses the distance between the REF  yPY labels for further analysis so it is very important that these two labels are placed as accurately as possible ( see  yP" Figure 8 & 9 ).(# <  (ddGRAB_05.PCX <<(D+ xP ԎPointer is labeling REF #1!<  (ddGRAB_06.PCX <<(D+ xP ԎPointer is labeling REF #2  yP  PIN labels .(#  yP They are used to identify the locations of the pin tips for determination of elevation data ( see Figure 10 ).(# A< N (ddGRAB_07.PCX <<( D/ xP ԎPointer pointing to PIN labels $ 0*((@@ Therefore, the steps to process an image are:  xP 1.X$Select the Area Of Interest (AOI) label type. (#  xP  2.X$Mark the corners for your AOI region.(#  xP $a.` ` 0Label one corner of the area of interest region. No matter which corners you label, after you run the detect routine the AOI labels are replaced to be the upper left corner and the lower right corner of the rectangle.(#`  xP@ $b.` ` 0Move to the diagonally opposite corner of the image and label the second corner of the AOI here. A box will now enclose the area. Check to see if all the pin tips are included in the AOI region and that the reference marks are excluded if possible. If the AOI region selected is inappropriate, remove the pertinent label and replace it in the desired location. If any pin tips are outside the AOI, the detection process will not locate them and they will need to be manually labeled after the detection process. If it is necessary to include the reference marks in the AOI, it is likely that the detect routine will label the reference marks as pins. You will then need to manually remove the labels after the detection process.(#`  xPH 3.?$Select the reference (REF) label type.   xP ?$a.X` ` 0Label the top and bottom reference marks with the mouse. In the examples the reference marks look like a capital L with a half arrow head on the top vertical part. Use the right button to place a label. Depress both buttons simultaneously over the point to remove the label. `  xP 4.?$Click on the DETECT option on the menu bar, with the right mouse button. The program will display the number of pin tips located and collect information. When the detection algorithm finishes the  yP image will be redrawn with the pin marks in place ( see Figure 11 )." a< N Y(ddGRAB_08.PCX <<( D0 xP ԎPointer over Detect Menu Option  xPa" 5.?$Select the PIN label type.(#  xP# 6. X$Check to make sure that no errors in the automated pin labeling have occurred.(#  xP$ ?$a.X` ` 0If a pin has not been labeled then label it by depressing the right mouse button.(#`  xP% ?$b.X` ` 0If an object was incorrectly labeled as a pin, then remove the label by moving the mouse pointer over the label and simultaneously depressing both mouse buttons.(#` ' 0*((@@Ԍ yP 7.?$Click on the EXIT option ( see Figure 12 ).(# < N (ddGRAB_09.PCX<<( D. xP ԎPointer over EXIT menu option  xP 8.?$Depress the key to select the Display Output menu option to view the generated report on the monitor. If you are in EGA43 Line mode or VGA50 Line mode, PMP will make use of the full screen.(#  xP1 9.?$Depress the key to file the generated report in the PIN (c:\pmp\data.pin) directory. The output file  yP will be named tutor1.pin or tutor2.pin , the name will correspond to the PCX file name.(#  xP 10.?$Depress the

key to send the generated report to the printer connected to PRN:.(#  yP 11.?$Repeat this process for tutor2.pcx . This file will give you additional practice in analyzing the pin meter images.(#  xPs 12.?$Select the Exit option to exit the program.(# ;0*((@@  yO  IV. Sample Configuration (Output Options)  When using the PMP program you will probably need to make a few "customizations" for your specific setup. This section will describe a few of the options that you may need to change. Specifically; Output Units, Output Type, Output Coordinates, and Output Header Flag.  yP First, before you start the PMP program, copy the current configuration file, pmp.cfg , in the c:\pmp directory to a backup file. For example:  2  #x  `w;X#?$c:(# ?$cd \pmp(#  2 ?$copy pmp.cfg pmp_cfg.bak#` [ P!_)P#(# This way you will have a backup of the original configuration in case you need to go back to it. Any of the parameters in the configuration file can be changed simply by editing the file with an ASCII editor. However, it is preferable to make the modifications from within the PMP program directly so that configuration file syntax errors are avoided as well as invalid settings being specified. To modify the PMP default configuration, select the Configuration menu option. Do this by selecting at the main menu. The following items are in the Analysis/Output Options form, select this form with . Or you may select either option by using the cursor keys to move the menu selection bar to the menu item and pressing enter. The options availabe for modification in the Analysis/Output Options form are:  yP  Output Units : =XISpecifies what units you want the elevation data presented in.(#  yP  Output Type : =XISpecifies what type of data should be output (elev. only, elev. & spacing, etc.).(#  yPS  Output Coordinates :GISpecifies what reference coordinates to use for the elevation data.(#  yP  Output Header Flag :GISpecifies whether or not you want the column header information in the output.(# It is possible to change these values and use them for a single session (temporary). However, if you then exit the program the settings will revert to the defaults. You can use the Save Parameters function , under the Configuration menu, which creates a new configuration file to make your settings permanent. It will prompt for a name, the default is pmp.cfg, after which it will proceed to write out the new configuration file. PMP will let you know if it has successfully saved the new configuration file. There are other options besides those mentioned here that you may or may not want or need to change, all of which are detailed in the PMP Technical Reference, Section II, Configuration PMP.CFG. Options include such areas as; pin meter parameters, camera lens adjustments, digitizer resolution, PMP default colors, etc.  yOE  V. Creating and Using Calibration Files  PMP was given the capability to correct for camera lens distortion effects in photographs and unequal pin meter pin lengths. This capability can be exploited through the use of a calibration file. Calibration files are created from pin meter photos obtained over a range of uniform pin heights (surface elevations). These "calibrated" pin heights can be easily created by placing the pin meter pins on a flat board and adjusting the board so that it is parallel to the surface at the desired "calibration heights". Calibration photos and the resulting calibration file are only valid for the pin meter/camera lens combination used to create the calibration photos. If another camera lens or transect profile pin meter are used and calibration is desired, a new set of calibration photos obtained with this equipment will be required to create a calibration file for it. '0*((@@ԌDetermination of the value of the use of a calibration file is strongly dependent upon the camera/pin meter combination in use and the digitization resolution obtainable with a particular digitizing scanner/photo size combination. In our situation, with our current equipment (a standard 35 mm camera with a 1 meter transect profile meter, 3x5 inch photograph size, and 300 dpi resolution hand scanner), we have found that the use of a calibration file does not increase the accuracy of the elevation data obtained. Since, we currently do not make use of the calibration feature, it has not been extensively tested. You have now been forewarned, if you plan to use this feature, be sure to verify that it works as you expect and that it does indeed provide a benefit. The procedure necessary to create a calibration file from a set of calibration photos are outlined below.  xP  1. a. i.(1)(a)(i) 1) a) 1. a. i.(1)(a)(i) 1) a)1.Obtain the set of calibration profile pin meter photographs in the same fashion as the normal pin meter photographs.(#  xP` 2.Enter the PMP program and go to the Configuration menu and temporarily set the RAW directory path to the CAL directory path (c:\pmp\data.cal). Do not make this change permanent by saving it to the PMP configuration file). This will allow the calibration RAW files to be deposited in the CAL directory after processing the digitized calibration images.(#  xPH 3.Digitize and process the calibration photographs with the PMP program just like any normal profile pin meter photograph.(#  xP  4.Construct the calibration file from the newly processed RAW calibration files. Follow these steps to perform this process:(#  xP a.?$From the Main PMP menu, select the Configuration Menu .(#  xP b.?$Select the Create Calibration File option .(#  xP c.?$Enter the appropriate data.(#  xP ?$i.X` ` 0Enter the number of pins the profile meter has that was used to obtain the RAW calibration file.(#`  xP ?$ii.X` ` 0Enter the number of RAW files that will make up the calibration file.(#`  xP ?$iii.X` ` 0Enter the calibration file header information.(#`  xPp ?$iv.X` ` 0Enter the calibration file path and then the extension. These are usually set to be the same as CAL directory path (ca:\pmp\data.cal) and extension (cal).(#`  xP ?$v.X` ` 0Enter the name of the new calibration file.(#`  xP ?$vi.X` ` 0Select the RAW files that will make up the calibration file. The order these files are selected is not important.(#`  xP  d.?$Now the calibration file will be created by exiting the form with .(#  xP 5.Enable the use of a calibration file.(#  xP@ a.?$From the Main menu, select the Configuration Menu .(#  xP b.?$Select the Analysis Output Option .(#  xP c.?$Set the calibrate option to YES by toggling the field value with the spacebar.(#  xP! d.?$Select the calibration file from the choice list.(#  xP`" e.?$Exit the form with to save your changes for this session (temporary). If it is desired to have this calibration setup as the default (permanent), then use the Save Parameters Function under the Configuration menu.(# $0*((@@  yO  VI. Enabling the Digitize Image Menu Option in PMP The digitizing scanner operation can be performed from within the PMP program in certain situations. By specifying the name of an executable program and optional arguments for the SCANPATHNAME and SCAN_ARGS configuration options, the PMP program will execute an external digitizing scanner program. An example SCAN.BAT file is specified by default to demonstrate the capability. A specialized function is used within PMP to execute another program while PMP is still in memory but allow the scan program to temporarily have access to all of DOS memory while the scan program is running. This function will use EMS memory (if available) and/or disk memory to temporarily stash the executing PMP code while the specified external program is executing. When the external digitizing scanner program exits, the PMP code is restored into DOS memory and PMP operations can be continued at that time. There are two configuration options SWAP_CONTROL and SWAP_MEM_NEED, that control how this specialized function operates. Details on the four configuration options that affect the execution of an external digitizing program from within PMP and an example are provided in the PMP Technical Reference, Section II, Configuration PMP.CFG.  0*((@@  X ] PMP Technical Reference  *  yO  I. PMP System Requirements   yOA  A. Minimum Requirements This section details the requirements for a minimally configured system.  xPa i.IBMcompatible computer with 640 kilobytes of RAM memory. A 4.77MHz Intel 8088 or compatible is the minimum processor requirement.(#  xP ii.MSDOS or PCDOS version 2.1 or higher.(#  xP iii.Additional computer memory supporting the Lotus/Intel/Microsoft (LIM 4.0 or LIM 3.2 board with LIM 4.0 software driver LIM 3.2 board and 3.2 driver untested) Expanded Memory Standard (EMS). The amount of EMS memory required depends upon the size of the image and the scanner digitizing resolution setting used. Approximately 1.5 megabytes of EMS memory is necessary for a 7.6cm by 12.7cm (3x5 inch) photo digitized at 118 dots per cm (300 dpi).(#  xP iv.16 Color 640x350 pixel (EGA) graphics adapter with corresponding color monitor.(#  xPi v.A Microsoft compatible mouse and associated driver software.(#  xP1 vi.A digitizing scanner. The scanner software must be capable of producing single plane (black and white) digitized images that can be stored in the PC Paintbrush (PCX) graphics file format. A relatively inexpensive hand digitizing scanner has provided satisfactory results.(# vii. Two 360k floppy drives (hard disk highly recommended).  yO  B. Preferred Configuration  This section details the requirements for a preferred configuration.  xP9 i.IBMATcompatible computer with 640 kilobytes of RAM memory. An 8MHz (or faster) Intel 80286 or compatible processor.(#  xP ii.MSDOS or PCDOS version 3.0 or higher. (this is required to do scanner calls from within PMP)(#  xP iii.2 megabytes or greater of LIM 3.2 or 4.0 EMS memory with LIM 4.0 driver.(#  xPY iv.16 Color 640x480 pixel (VGA) graphics adapter (preferably 16 bit) with corresponding color monitor.(#  xP! v.A Microsoft compatible mouse and associated driver software.(#  xP vi.A digitizing scanner. The scanner software must be capable of producing single plane (black and white) digitized images that can be stored in the PC Paintbrush (PCX) graphics file format.(# vii. A 1.44meg or 1.2meg floppy and a hard disk drive. PMP was designed to work with EGA43 Line and VGA50 Line modes. Choice lists and the display output routines take advantage of these extended modes. The program was developed and tested on a Computerland 8Mhz 80286 computer with 2MB memory, 2MB LIM 4.0 EMS memory, 40MB hard disk, and EGA color graphics system with DOS 3.21 and a Gateway 2000 20Mhz 80386 computer with 4MB memory (with up to 3MB accessible as LIM 4.0 EMS memory with appropriate software drivers), 80MB hard disk, and VGA color graphics system with DOS 4.01. "0*((@@  yO  II. File Formats  PMP uses four types of files: 1) the scanned image in a digitized PCX graphics format (PCX filetype), 2) information specific to a particular scanned image that is obtained from the user via PMP (RAW filetype), 3) user selected format for the elevation data (PIN filetype), and 4) calibration files (CAL filetype). These four filetypes are kept in separate directories in the default installation, although that is not strictly required. References to these filetypes will use the shorthand notation introduced here (PCX, RAW, PIN, and CAL filetypes).(#  yO  A. PCX  This is the file type that contains the digitized image of the profile meter photo. This image must be larger than what is displayable on a 640x480 graphics screen (this is required since the library functions used to scroll a PCX image onscreen do not know how to handle images smaller than the scrolling region). The image must be stored so that when it is viewed in the PMP analyze routine that the pins are horizontal and the pin tips are located on the right side of the display. Preferably with the reference marks being located outside of the area of interest region (AOI).(#  yO  B. RAW  This file type stores the results of using the analyze routine on a given PCX file. Stored in this file are the pixel coordinates of the reference labels, the area of interest labels and the pin labels. Once you have a RAW file you no longer need the PCX file, unless later modifications are required on ref mark locations or labelled pin tip locations. The RAW file is all that is nescessary to create a PIN file. The detailed description of the RAW file format follows.(# Format of the RAW file.(#  xP a. ?$Sampling_Date, this is an 8 character string representing the date of the pin meter photo.(#  xP b. ?$Operator_Str, this is a 40 character string containing the name of the camera operator or PMP operator.(#  xPp c. ?$Site_String, this is a 40 character string containing the name of the sampling site.(#  xP8 d. ?$Comments, this can be up to 5 lines of 40 character strings containing user comments.(#  xP e. ?$"END_FLAG" a text string signalling the end of the header information and the start of the image data.(#  xP f. ?$Dist_Ref, this is a floating point value indicating the distance between the reference points (cm).(#  xP g. ?$Number_Pin, this is an integer value indicating how many pins the profile meter has.(#  xPX h. ?$Dist_Pin, this is a floating point value indicating how much space there is between each pin (cm).(#  xP  i. ?$AOI_Counter, this is an integer value indicating the number of Area Of Interest corners labelled.(#  xP j. ?$AOI(x1,y1) and AOI(x2,y2), these are pairs of integer values stored on separate lines indicating the (x,y) location of AOI labels in pixel units.(#  xPx k. ?$Ref_Counter, this is an integer value indicating the number of Reference marks labelled.(#  xP@ l. ?$Ref(x1,y1) and Ref(x2,y2), these are pairs of integer values stored on the separate lines indicating the (x,y) location of the reference marks in pixel units.(#  xP m. ?$Pin_Counter, this is an integer value indicating how many pin tips are labelled in the file.(#  xP! n. ?$Pin(x,y), these are pairs of integer values stored on separate lines indicating the (x,y) location of pin tips in pixel units.(# (#0*((@@  yO  C. CAL  This section is a detailed description of the CAL file format. The calibration file is used to correct for camera lens distortion and unequal pin lengths in digitized pin meter images.(# Format of the CAL file.(#  xP a.?$Calib_Header, this is up to 3 lines of 80 character strings containing the header information.(#  xPx b.?$"#End of header Information." a text string signalling the end of the header information and the start of calibration data.(#  xP c.?$No_Calib_File_Pins, an integer representing the number of calibration file pins.(#  xP d.?$No_Calib_Image_Files, an integer representing the number of image files, on the same line.(#  xP e.?$h[i], integer values representing the heights of the first initial pin points for each image file. Where i is defined: (# ?$X` ` 00 <= i < no_calib_image_files.(#`  xP f.?$delta_z[i][j], an integer value representing the difference in height of the current pin and the initial pin. Where j is incremented inside of the i loop. J and i are defined as follows:(# ?$X` ` 00 <= j < no_calib_image_files , 0 <= i < no_calib_file_pins.(#`  yO  D. PIN  This section is a detailed description of the PIN file format. The pin file is the output that is produced from various pin analysis and calibrating routines on the RAW file. The following description goes into some detail regarding the fields of the generated report. However, the form may be arranged differently based on the output options selected. The same form of report is output for PIN files, printed reports and the view option.(# All of the options discussed in this section are configurable from inside of the PMP itself. Select the Configure option from the main menu and then from there the appropriate submenu. Then to make your changes permanent use the Save PMP configuration file option from the Configuration menu and use the default configuration file name PMP.CFG.(# #` [ P!_)P# Format of the PIN file (some of these lines may be ommitted by judicious selection of output options).(#  xP a.?$Input_File_Name, this is a 13 character string representing the name of the image file.(#  xP b.?$Sampling_Date, this is an 8 character string representing the date of the pin meter photo.(#  xP c.?$Operator_Str, this is a 40 character string containing the name of the camera operator.(#  xPX d.?$Site_String, this is a 40 character string containing the name of the sampling date.(#  xP  e.?$Dist_Ref, this is a double value indicating the distance between the reference points.(#  xP f.?$Pin_Counter, this is an integer value indicating how many pin labels there are in the image.   xP g.?$Dist_Pin, this is a double value indicating how much space there is between each pin.   xPx h.?$Output_Coord, this is a text string detailing which analysis routine was used.   xP@ i.?$Calibration_File, this is a text string containing the name of the calibration file if file calibration was used.   xP j.?$Output_Type, text string labeling the output data; (z_pos), (x_pos, z_pos), (pin_no, z_pos), or (pin_no, x_pos, z_pos).   xP`" k.?$Next are the columns of data output in the format corresponding to the output_type (above) in the selected output units.   xP# l.?$At the end of report is an end of report marker.  %0*((@@  yO  E. Configuration PMP.CFG  This section is a detailed description of the configuration (CFG) file format. Included at the end of this section is an example configuration file.  xP i.Comments may be placed in the configuration file by putting a # in the first column of the line. However, the Save Parameters function under the Configuration Menu does not retain any existing comments.(#  xP@ ii.Data file directories and types. Relative directory paths can be supplied. Therefore, the disk drive designation can be omitted (PMP will assume the current drive). Also, the the dot (.) and dotdot (..) relative path designations may be used ( the "." means the current directory, and the ".." means the parent directory of the current directory)."  xP( a.?$HELP_FILE  ?$X` ` 0This is the path and name of the ASCII PMP help file Keywords are used to mark the beginning and end of each set of help text. The help can be updated or modified as necessary with a standard ASCII editor.(#`  xPH b.?$INPUT_FILE_DIR  ?$X` ` 0This is the file path to be used as the PCX file directory. It is the default directory that PCX files are retrieved from in PMP.(#`  xP c.?$INPUT_FILE_EXT  ?$X` ` 0This is the file name extension to be used for the PCX files. This extension is used for obtaining PCX files from the PCX directory to be displayed in choice lists within PMP.(#`  xP d.?$OUTPUT_FILE_DIR  ?$X` ` 0This is the file path to be used for the PIN file directory. This is the directory that the report files are sent to on disk.(#`  xPP e.?$OUTPUT_FILE_EXT  ?$X` ` 0This is the file name extension to be used for the PIN files. This is the extension appended to the report file names.(#`  xP f.?$S_OUTPUT_FILE_DIR  ?$X` ` 0This is the file path to be used for the RAW file directory. This is the directory that the RAW files are sent to on disk.(#`  xP g.?$S_OUTPUT_FILE_EXT  ?$X` ` 0This is the file name extension to be used for the RAW files. This is the extension appended to the RAW file names.(#`  xPX iii.Pin Meter Information" Most of these entries are highly dependent on the specific profile meter being used, the digitizing scanner resolution, and average photograph and PCX image quality. Therefore, some "trial by error" may be necessary to determine the best settings for an individual situation.(#  xP a.?$REF_DISTANCE  ?$X` ` 0This is the distance between the reference labels on the profile meter specified in cm. This distance must be corrected if the REF marks are not in the same plane as the pins. Ie. if the REF marks are located on a board behind the pins, the distance to enter into PMP should be the projected spacing in the plane the pins are in.(#`  xP# b.?$PIN_DISTANCE  ?$X` ` 0The distance between two pins on the profile meter.(#`  xP% c.?$NUMBER_OF_PINS  ?$X` ` 0The number of pin meter pins on the profile meter.(#`  xP' d.?$MIN_PIN_THICKNESS  ?$X` ` 0The minimum thickness of a pin (pixels).(#` '0*((@@Ԍ xP ԙe.?$MIN_PIN_LENGTH  ?$X` ` 0The minimum pin length (pixels).(#`  xP f.?$AVE_PIN_THICKNESS  ?$X` ` 0The average pin thickness (pixels).(#`  xP  g.?$PIN_NOISE_TOLERANCE  ?$X` ` 0The amount of "noise" to allow into the analysis (pixels) used by the pin detection algorithm while determining if a sequence of pixels is actually a pin.(#`  xPx h.?$IMAGE_BACKGROUND_COLOR  ?$X` ` 0Color of profile meter background, 0 for black (white pins) and 1 for white (black pins).(#`  xP iv.Pin Meter Calibration Information"  xP` a.?$CALIBRATION_FILE_DIR  ?$X` ` 0The file path to be used for the CAL file directory.(#`  xP b.?$CALIBRATION_FILE_EXT  ?$X` ` 0The file name extension to be used for the CAL files.(#`  xP c.?$CALIBRATION_FILE_NAM  ?$X` ` 0The name of the default calibration file to use.(#`  xP d.?$CALIBRATE_FLAG  ?$X` ` 0The boolean value signalling whether or not to calibrate the files, 0 for no, 1 for yes.(#`  xPh v.Video Information" All of the options referring to colors in the Analyze routine of the PMP can be set to the following colors; BLACK, BLUE, GREEN, CYAN, RED, MAGENTA, BROWN, WHITE, GREY, LIGHT BLUE, LIGHT GREEN, LIGHT CYAN, LIGHT RED, LIGHT MAGENTA, YELLOW, and BRIGHT WHITE."  xP a.?$TXT_COLOR  ?$X` ` 0The color of the menu bar text.(#`  xP b.?$ABS_COORD_COLOR  ?$X` ` 0The color of the ABSolute coordinates mode.(#`  xP8 c.?$REL_COORD_COLOR  ?$X` ` 0The color of the RELative coordinates mode.(#`  xP d.?$PIN_MARK_COLOR  ?$X` ` 0The color of the PIN labels.(#`  xPX e.?$REF_MARK_COLOR  ?$X` ` 0The color of the reference (REF) labels.(#`  xP f.?$AOI_REGION_COLOR  ?$X` ` 0The color of the area of interest (AOI) labels and the box they form.(#`  xPx g.?$VIDEO_ADAPTER  ?$X` ` 0The type of video adapter in the machine. Valid choices are; AUTOSELECT, VGA, EGA and CGA (CGA used for debugging purposes only since more than four colors are required by PMP).(#`  xP! vi.Output Options"  xP(# a.?$OUTPUT_UNIT  ?$X` ` 0The type of units to put the results in, 0 for pixels, 1 for millimeters and 2 for inches.(#`  xP$ b.?$OUTPUT_TYPE  ?$X` ` 0The type of information to put in the report, 0 (z), 1 (x,z), 2 (#,z), and 3 (#,x,z).(#`  xPH& c.?$OUTPUT_COORD  ?$X` ` 0The reference coordinate system to use when representing the output. 0 (Image Boundary), 1 (Reference Line), 2 (Normalized Reference Line), and 3 (Regressed Line).(#` '0*((@@Ԍ xP ԙd.?$OUTPUT_HEADER_FLAG  ?$X` ` 0The boolean value signalling whether or not to include the header text in the output, 0 for no, 1 for yes.(#`  xP  vii.X$Scanner and Swapping Options   xP a.?$SCAN_PATHNAME  ?$X` ` 0The full path and name of the scanner program to execute within PMP under the main menu selection.(#`  xP b.?$SCAN_ARGS  ?$X` ` 0The arguments to pass to the scanner program.(#`  xP c.?$SWAP_CONTROL" ?$X` ` 0Determines how the PMP swaps out of main memory to allow the selected scanner program to have access to all of main memory; 1 no EMS (swap to disk only), 1 Normal (swap to EMS memory until full, then to disk).(#`  xP d.?$SWAP_MEM_NEED(# ?$X` ` 0The amount of memory (in paragraphs 16 bytes) required by the program being swapped into memory (scanner program). If 0 is specified then PMP never swaps. If 65535 is specified then PMP always swaps.(#` 0*((@@  yO  F. Sample Configuration File PMP.CFG #H|@7 9@# # # Sample PMP Configuration File # Data file directories and types HELP_FILE=.\pmp.hlp INPUT_FILE_DIR=.\data.pcx INPUT_FILE_EXT=.pcx OUTPUT_FILE_DIR=.\data.pin OUTPUT_FILE_EXT=.pin S_OUTPUT_FILE_DIR=.\data.raw S_OUTPUT_FILE_EXT=.raw # Pin Meter Information in cm REF_DISTANCE=98.0 PIN_DISTANCE=1.0 # Pin Meter Information in pixels NUMBER_OF_PINS=101 MIN_PIN_THICKNESS=4 MIN_PIN_LENGTH=30 AVE_PIN_THICKNESS=6 PIN_NOISE_TOLERANCE=7 IMAGE_BACKGROUND_COLOR=1 # Pin Meter Calibration information CALIBRATION_FILE_DIR=.\data.cal CALIBRATION_FILE_EXT=.cal CALIBRATION_FILE_NAME=NONE CALIBRATE_FLAG=0 # Video and Outputs information TXT_COLOR=YELLOW ABS_COORD_COLOR=CYAN REL_COORD_COLOR=BLUE PIN_MARK_COLOR=LIGHT CYAN REF_MARK_COLOR=LIGHT GREEN AOI_REGION_COLOR=LIGHT MAGENTA VIDEO_ADAPTER=AUTOSELECT OUTPUT_UNIT=0 OUTPUT_TYPE=3 OUTPUT_COORD=1 OUTPUT_HEADER_FLAG=1 # Scanner and Swapping options SCAN_PATHNAME=scancall SCAN_ARGS=./data.pcx SWAP_CONTROL=1 SWAP_MEM_NEED=65535  j$! # END OF CONFIGURATION FILE.# ` [ P!_)P# "0*((@@  yO  III. Advanced/Alternate Installations   yOX  A. The PMP Configuration file The PMP searches for the PMP.CFG file in the following sequence:(#  xPx a.?$First it will look in the current directory (PMP directory) for the PMP.CFG file.(#  xP b.?$If it is not found in the current directory it will check the path specified in the environment variable PMP_CFG (if that environment variable has been defined). An alternate filename MAY NOT be specified with the path using this environment variable. The PMP program only looks for a configuration file with the name PMP.CFG.(#  xP c.?$If neither of the previous two methods locates a PMP.CFG file, the PMP will look for one in the \etc directory with the name PMP.CFG on the current drive.(#  xPH d.?$If no PMP.CFG file is found, internal default values are used. In this case, a PMP.CFG file can be created within the PMP program under the configuration menu option.(#  yO  B. Scanner Swapping Details.  The digitizing scanner operation can be performed from within the PMP program in most situations if DOS version 3.1 or greater is used. By specifying the name of an executable program and optional arguments for the SCANPATHNAME and SCAN_ARGS PMP.CFG configuration options, the PMP program can execute an external digitizing scanner program.(# A specialized function is used within PMP to execute another program while PMP is still in memory but allow the scan program to temporarily have access to all of DOS memory while the scan program is running. This function will use EMS memory (if available) and/or disk memory to temporarily stash the executing PMP code while the specified external program is executing. When the external digitizing scanner program exits, the PMP code is restored into DOS memory and PMP operations can be continued at that time. There are two PMP.CFG configuration options, SWAP_CONTROL and SWAP_MEM_NEED, that control how this specialized function operates.(# We recommend that you do not utilize this capability on a multitasking DOS machine, such as Windows or DesqView. It has not been tested in such an environment.(# A description of the four PMP.CFG configuration options that affect the swapping capability of PMP are described here:(#  xP i.?$SCANPATHNAME(# ?$The path to the executable program to spawn is specified by the configuration option. It may be any  yP`" executable file, except DOS batch files with a .BAT extension. A SCANCALL.EXE file is specified by default to demonstrate the capability. We use this program let us change to the correct PCX directory and then execute our digitizing scanner program (SCAN.EXE). The C source code is also included (scancall.c) as well as the digitizing scanner program. Of course the digitizing scanner program we use will not actually work for you unless you have a compatible scanner, it is supplied to demonstrate PMP's capability to execute a program from within PMP.(# '0*((@@Ԍ xP ii.?$SCAN_ARGS(# ?$This option is used to specify any command line options or arguments that need to be passed to the program specified by the SCANPATHNAME option. The SCANCALL.EXE file uses this argument to change to the desired PCX directory so that it is the default directory when the digitizing scanner program (SCAN.EXE) is executed.(#  xP@ iii.?$SWAP_CONTROL(# ?$This option specifies how the swapping routine handles swapping the PMP program out of main memory. If this option is set to 1, no EMS memory will be used and only swapping to disk will occur. If this option is set to 1, then the program will use EMS memory to swap to first and then disk if more space is required. The recommended setting is 1 since it is the fastest. The only time a setting of 1 may be more appropriate is if the digitizing scanner program requires EMS memory and after swapping the PMP code into EMS, there is insufficient EMS memory for it to operate correctly. If disk memory is used for swap, it will use the current drive for the swap drive. Approximately 1MB of disk memory must be available for swapping to disk.(#  xP iv.?$SWAP_MEM_NEED(# ?$This option specifies how much memory is needed by the program being swapped into main memory (the selected scanner program). The value needs to be specified in paragraphs (1 paragraph is equal to 16 bytes). If this option is set to 0, then PMP will never be swapped out of main memory. If this option is set to 65535, then PMP will always be swapped out of main memory regardless of how much memory is required by the scanner program. The recommended setting is 65535. The values specifed must be in decimal in the PMP.CFG file.(#  yO  C. PMP Configurations: Configuring for multiple users/profile meters.  Since multiple users or different profile meters may require different default settings, the flexibility available in specifying a default configuration file above may be utilized. For example, two different types of profile meters may be used and their profile photos analyzed with PMP. Two different configuration files can be created, placed in different directories, and the environment variable (PMP_CFG) set to specify which one to use when starting up the PMP program. The syntax for setting an environment variable from the DOS command line is:(#  2 #x  `B7X#?$SET PMP_CFG=c:\pmp\subdir.cnf(# #c P7P# Again, no filename can be specified with the configuration path, the PMP program only looks for a configuration filename of PMP.CFG.(#  0*((@@  yO  IV. PMP Configurations: Tuning PMP and other helpful hints.  Here is a list of hints to improve the quality of the profile meter photos and digitized images, we have compiled from our experience.(#  xP  1. a. i.(1)(a)(i) 1) a) 1. a. i.(1)(a)(i) 1) a)a.X$Be sure the profile meter frame is level and the camera is firmly attached to the profile meter.(#  xPx b.?$Use black and white film if possible, it provides better contrast than color film. We have found that if your processing lab has the correct filters, black and white film can be processed the same as color film and give a very good contrast (here at least, color film processing is much cheaper than true black and white processing with the film costs being nearly equal). Of course, your experience may be different, based on your particular digitizing scanner's ability to discern black and white levels. Camera settings and other conditions can also affect photograph quality as well. The PMP program is much more capable of detecting the pin edges if a high contrast quality photograph was digitized than a poor quality photo.(#  xP c.?$Make sure you use as high an Fstop setting on the camera as possible. The depth of field will be greater (camera focusing will be less critical).(#  xP d.?$Take a few profile photographs that cover the typical range of quality that you experience, and digitize each of them at the different settings/adjustments available on the scanner. Adjustments in these settings can have a profound effect on the quality of the digitized image.(# Besides photo and digitized image quality, it is important to modify the configuration options for PMP that specify the minimum pin thickness, minimum pin length, average pin thickness, and pin noise tolerance settings to optimize them for your particular profile meter/camera/scanner combination. Currently, the only way to do this is by trial and error. By processing the same images with the different settings, you can determine which configuration is best.(#  xP  1. a. i.(1)(a)(i) 1) a) 1. a. i.(1)(a)(i) 1) a)a.?$Don't forget that if any of the three main factors influencing these configuration settings 1) profile meter, 2) camera, camera lens, and settings, and 3) digitizing scanner and resolution settings, will probably require changes in the configuration options.(#  xP b.?$Any changes in the camera, camera lens, and settings or the digitizing scanner used and its resolution settings will require a new set of calibration photographs be obtained to develop a calibration file for this new situation.(# Remember that PCX images must be cropped to be larger than the scrollable display area on the Analyze menu option graphics screen. Therefore, images should be 640 by 480 pixels or larger in size. This is a limitation in the graphics image scrolling routines, they cannot handle images smaller (in either dimension) than the scrollable display screen size.(#  yO  V. Scanner Tutorial   yO  A. Reference  When scanning the image for PMP follow the instructions in your scanner manual for scanning photographs. You may want to experiment with different density and brightness settings to try and find the optimal settings. But the main requirement is that the PCX file you output meets the specifications for the PCX file detailed in section II File Formats.(#  yO  B. Specifics for HS3000  This section describes the procedure for scanning in pictures for PMP. This tutorial assumes that you are using a DFI Handy Scanner model HS3000. If you are using a different scanner follow the instructions from the manufacturer for scanning pictures and outputting PCX files. Remember to verify that your PCX output file meets the requirements of PCX images in section II File Formats. This tutorial will also assume that you have installed the DFI scanner executables in the directory scan on the C: drive.(#  xPH i.Make sure that the scanner is correctly configured.(#  xP a.$Set the switch on the back of the scanner to 3 (300 dpi).(#  xP b.?$Set the switch on the left side to Photo and then select the smallest dot choose . not o or O.(#  xP c.?$You may also need to come back and adjust the LightDark setting depending on the resulting contrast of your scanned images.(#  xP ii.Change your current directory to the scanner executable directory and then enter the scan program. #x  `w;X# $cd \scan $scan #` [ P!_)P#  xP iii.Use the mouse to select the scan option from the top bar of the screen.  xP iv.Clear the buffer if nescessary.(#  xPp v.Now scan the image.(#  xP8 a.?$Lay the picture on a flat surface.(#  xP b.?$Orientate the picture so that the pins are pointing up.(#  xP c.?$Lay the scanner on top of the picture so that you pull it from left to right.(#  xP d.?$To start scanning hold down the START button that is next to the photo switch on the left side and pull scanner across the photo.(#  xP vi.Now use the mouse to select the cut corners option from the top menu bar. Trim down the picture so that it at least includes the pins and the reference marks.(#  xP@ vii.X$Select the FILE option with the mouse.(#  xP a.?$Give the picture an appropriate name.(#  xP b.?$Select the PCPaintbrush file format (.PCX).(#  xP! c.?$Save the image with the NORMAL SAVE command.(#  xP`" d.?$Quit the FILE menu.(# viii.Select the quit option from the menu bar. Click again to exit. $0*((@@  yO  VI. Error Messages  DOS ERROR: 0x#### DOS has returned an error code 0x####, refer to an IBM DOS Technical Reference Manual for further details regarding the error.(# The following error codes are all displayed in a window with a red background and foreground characters of brite  yP@ white. All of the error codes are prefixed with the key word: ERROR: Couldn't open .CAL File ?$X` ` 0X =XIXhhUPMP could not open the output .CAL file.(#h Data Pins (####) != (####) Calib Pins ?$X` ` 0X =XIXhhUThe number of data pins in the current image is not the same as the number of pins in the calibration file. You need to either check the number of pins for the image or generate a new calibration file.(#h Opening CFG Output File ?$X` ` 0X =XIXhhUAn error occurred when attempting to open the file in which the new configuration information will be written.(#h Opening Temporary File ?$X` ` 0X =XIXhhUAn error ocurred when attempting to open a temporary file. Check the amount of disk space available on the work drive.(#h No PCX FILE Selected ?$X` ` 0X =XIXhhUYou have attempted to view, print or file information regarding an Image file and have failed to first select a PCX image file.(#h pcxGetFileHeader ?$X` ` 0X =XIXhhUThere was an error when PMP attempted to read the PCX image file header. Check to see if the PCX image file has been corrupted.(#h pcxCreateVirtual ?$X` ` 0X =XIXhhUThere was an error when trying to create a virtual buffer for the PCX image. It is possible that more EMS memory is needed.(#h pcxFileVirutal ?$X` ` 0X =XIXhhUThere was an error when trying to expand the PCX image into the virtual buffer.(#h pcxGetFilePalette ?$X` ` 0X =XIXhhUAn error occurred when trying to extract the PCX format palette from the PCX image file. Check to see if the PCX image file has been corrupted.(#h pcxSetDisplayPalette ?$X` ` 0X =XIXhhUThere was an error when trying to set the display palette.