\documentclass[10pt,letterpaper, final]{report} % \documentclass{} required in all files

\usepackage{../preamble/myWEPS} % This is now our single preamble file inclusion (it assumes a “.sty” file extension)

%%\usepackage{multirow}

\begin{document}

\subsection{Skill Building} \label{subsec:Skill_Building_5}
In this exercise we use WEPS to simulate a forage crop cut for hay.
A year of alfalfa will be added to the three year rotation.
This will show the power of MCREW.
There are many ways to edit data using the copy-paste and increment/decrement editing functions
of operations to move seeding and harvesting dates, etc.
This exercise will help the user understand the basic format to build other forage crop files.
Irrigation can be added in preset or custom amounts,
or as needed based upon plant water use.
In this example we will model full irrigation and apply water as the crop uses it.
Many circles on a quarter section of land (160 acres) have 120 acres “under the iron”.
In this example there is an end gun that turns on and off as needed when the circle turns.
The producer can irrigate 10 more acres for a total of 130 acres.

WEPS can simulate crops being cut multiple times in a growing season.
However, as we have learned in earlier examples,
calibration of multi-harvested forage crop biomass is more complicated
than it is for single harvested grain crops.
Fortunately, most multi-harvested crops usually are not the cause of
wind erosion issues, so calibrating those crop yields normally are not required.
Each forage cutting yield that under-performs usually does not affect the erosion rate
since there is normally more than adequate cover remaining to shut down the erosion
during a subsequent growing of a forage crop.
So, if the hay yield is low, do not automatically reject the run
unless there is substantial erosion occurring in that 2 week re-growth period.
In this exercise though, we will go through the process of calibrating the alfalfa crop
in this rotation so that the user knows what to do if and when they need to calibrate
a multi-harvested crop.

Saving calibrated crops to the local crop folder for use in future runs
can save time on subsequent runs which is also demonstrated.

Exercise 5 uses a previously built NRCS CRLMOD CMZ (Crop Management Zone) management record as a starting template
that is then modified via MCREW (Management/Crop Rotation Editor for WEPS) for this specific scenario.

\begin{itemize}
\item{This exercise demonstrates how to:}
	\begin{itemize}[noitemsep]
	\item{Select a CMZ (Crop Management Zone) management template from the CRLMOD CSIP service}
	\item{Perform a regular (normal) WEPS simulation run}
	\item{Perform a Yield Calibration run for all crops,
		including a multi-harvested crop (alfalfa),
		to calibrate the average yields to match the target yields specified
		for all crops selected for calibration}
	\item{Insert an additional alfalfa year into the rotation}
	\end{itemize}
\item{It demonstrates how to modify an existing management rotation within MCREW using basic editing functions:}
	\begin{itemize}[noitemsep]
	\item{Copy and paste a section of the management rotation to create an additional year of alfalfa}
	\item{How to increment a group of operation dates by a year}
	\item{Correcting length of management cycle after lengthening the rotation}
	\item{Making Target Yield adjustments for all crops, including multi-harvested crops}
	\item{Saving local copies of modified crop records for re-use, especially calibrated records}
	\end{itemize}
\item{Learn to evaluate output reports and interpret results relevant to achieving specific erosion risk goals:}
	\begin{itemize}[noitemsep]
	\item{How to identify critical time periods for this rotation to address specific wind erosion risk concerns}
	\item{How to use the Wind Energy monthly statistics report to determine
		the months with the highest erosive wind energy
		and what direction the prevailing winds come from for each month.}
	\item{Suggests additional mitigation approaches not evaluated in this exercise
		that should be considered for this site and desired crop rotation}
	\end{itemize}
\end{itemize}


\subsection{Scenario} \label{subsec:Scenario_5}

\begin{itemize}

\item{The producer is near \textbf{Moses Lake, Washington} in \textbf{Grant County}.}

\item{The site is located at the following coordinates:
\textbf{47.11543\textdegree\ N} and \textbf{119.57220\textdegree\ W}}.

\item{The soil is a \textbf{Quincy Fine Sand} (Quincy{\_}WA025{\_}97{\_}100{\_}FS.ifc).}
\item{The field has full pivot or \textbf{circle} irrigation. The irrigated circle is \textbf{130 acres}.} 
\item{Potatoes are a high dollar cash rental crop
and must be rotated with other crops for disease and nematode control.
The rotation is \textbf{Alfalfa for 3 yrs}, then \textbf{Potatoes} followed by \textbf{Winter Wheat}.
If the alfalfa stand is good and the price for hay is strong
they will leave it in hay for 4 years.}

\item{The annual yield for the \textbf{alfalfa} is about \textbf{6-7 t/ac/yr}
cut 4 times with a 5th cutting in some years.
Alfalfa is cut on 30 day cycles.}
\item{The \textbf{potato} yield is \textbf{30 t/ac} or \textbf{600 cwt/ac}.}
\item{The \textbf{winter wheat} yield is \textbf{100 bu/ac}.}
\item{The erosive wind comes in the spring from the west
and tillage/planting direction is currently north and south.}

\end{itemize}

\begin{figure}[H]
\centering
	\includegraphics[scale=1.6]{images/Example_5/WEPS_interface_ex_5.jpg}
\caption{WEPS interface loaded for Exercise 5.}
\label{fig:WEPS_interface_loaded_for_Exercise_5}
\end{figure}


\subsection{Complete the following steps:} \label{subsec:Complete the following steps_5}

\textbf{Step 1:} Enter all the information into the WEPS interface as shown in \cref{fig:WEPS_interface_loaded_for_Exercise_5}.
Notice when you enter the acreage value of 130 that the radius changes to 1342.6 feet,
slightly longer than the 1320 foot border to border of a 160 acre quarter section).
Remember that the end gun is controlled so that it is disabled when it nears
the quarter section boundary, so the actual field dimensions are not a perfect circle,
but it is a close enough representation for our WEPS simulations. 

\textbf{Step 2}: Select the management template and soil for use in this exercise.

\textbf{Step 2a}: Normally one would select a CMZ template from the CRLMOD CMZ CSIP service.
However, they get modified/updated over time and this exercise's template has been removed.
So, we will select the management/crop rotation file
from the \textbf{\textit{System Templates}} folder.
The name of the desired management template is: \textbf{Alfalfa, fall seed, 3yr-Potato-WWheat, circle irr CMZ49.man}.

\textbf{Step 2b}: The soil will be selected from the \textit{\textbf{CSIP Soil Service}}
within the \textit{Grant County, Washington} folder
as seen in \cref{fig:Selecting_Soil_from_Exercise_Soils}.
The older, \textit{NRCS Soil Data Mart db} service can still be used,
but the user is required to already know and manually select a representative soil present on the site.
The \textit{CSIP Soil Service} uses the site's location
to provide only a list of soils that reside on the field site,
making it easier to select an appropriate representative soil to use in a WEPS simulation.


\begin{figure}[H]
\centering
	\includegraphics[scale=1.7]{images/Example_5/Choose_soil_ex_5.jpg}
\caption{Selecting soil component from the CSIP Soil Service.}
\label{fig:Selecting_Soil_from_Exercise_Soils}
\end{figure}


\textbf{Step 3}: Open MCREW and Click the Yield Calibrate button
{\scalerel*{\includegraphics{images/icons/yCalOff.png}}{\strut}
to review the target yields for all the crops.
Correct the yields if necessary.
Make sure they all match the inventory values.
Likewise, ensure that all crops are selected for Yield Calibration
and that their respective harvest operations are checked for use in the yield calibration process.

\textbf{Step 3a}:
The default yields are 40 bu/ac for winter wheat, probably not a bad value for dryland conditions,
but we are under irrigation, so we will need to increase it's target yield.
Likewise for the potato target yield as well.
Set the desired values of \textbf{100 bu/ac} for the winter wheat and \textbf{600 cwt/ac} for the potatoes
as specified by the producer
(\cref{fig:MCREW_showing_potatoes_and_WW_checked_for_calibration_and_target_yields_set}).

Note that alfalfa has a listed default target yield of 6.5 t/ac
(\cref{fig:MCREW_showing_alfalfa_yield_unchecked_in_Calibrate_Yield_column}),
but that is clearly a value based upon an annual basis.
At this time, we can only calibrate a single harvest for a multi-harvested crop in WebStart WEPS.
So, we must change the target yield to reflect that single harvest's yield being calibrated.
Therefore, we will change that target yield to match a single cutting's average yield per year.
Taking 6.5 t/ac per year divided by 5 cuttings per year equals 1.3 t/ac per cutting on average.
So, we will set the target yield for alfalfa to be \textbf{1.3 t/ac}
(\cref{fig:MCREW_showing_alfalfa_yield_checked_in_Calibrate_Yield_column}).

\begin{figure}[H]
\centering
	\includegraphics[scale=1.7]{images/Example_5/MCREW_2_ex_5.jpg}
\caption{MCREW showing potatoes and winter wheat checked for calibration and their target yields 
set to the specified values.}
\label{fig:MCREW_showing_potatoes_and_WW_checked_for_calibration_and_target_yields_set}
\end{figure}

\textbf{Step 3b}: 
Notice that there is currently no check mark in the \textbf{Select Yield for Calib.} column
for the alfalfa crop\footnote{Multi-harvested crops,
such as perennials like alfalfa, are by default not flagged for yield calibration,
nor the harvests typically used on such crops.
Most single harvested annual crops and the operations typically used on those crops are checked by default,
to allow their yields to be calibrated, if the user selects a \textit{Yield Calibration} run.
Note that both the crop and a single harvest for that crop must be selected (check marked),
before a yield calibration will be performed for that crop.
Multiple crops can be selected for yield calibration in a single WEPS \textit{Yield Calibration} run.}
(\cref{fig:MCREW_showing_alfalfa_yield_unchecked_in_Calibrate_Yield_column}).
Go ahead and check mark the alfalfa hay crop under the \textbf{Select Yield for Calib.} column
(\cref{fig:MCREW_showing_alfalfa_yield_checked_in_Calibrate_Yield_column}).

It is best that we select a single harvest that is expected to provide consistent yields each year.
So, we will pick the third harvest in the second alfalfa year (\textbf{Jul 15, 03})
and place a check mark in the box under the
\textbf{Select Harvest for Calib.} column as well
(\cref{fig:MCREW_showing_alfalfa_yield_checked_in_Calibrate_Yield_column}).

The other crops will also be calibrated if checked in MCREW (\cref{fig:MCREW_showing_potatoes_and_WW_checked_for_calibration_and_target_yields_set}).
The potatoes and winter wheat crops are by default checked for calibration
along with their respective harvests.
After verifying all the target yields are set to the desired values,
click the MCREW \textit{blue arrow Return} (Save and Exit MCREW) button
{\scalerel*{\includegraphics{images/icons/close.png}}{\strut}
to save the edits and close MCREW.

\begin{figure}[H]
\centering
	\includegraphics[scale=1.7]{images/Example_5/MCREW_ex_5.jpg}
\caption{Default alfalfa yield and relevant boxes currently unchecked for calibrating this crop.}
\label{fig:MCREW_showing_alfalfa_yield_unchecked_in_Calibrate_Yield_column}
\end{figure}

\begin{figure}[H]
\centering
	\includegraphics[scale=1.7]{images/Example_5/MCREW_1_ex_5.jpg}
\caption{Afalfa yield and relevant boxes now checked for calibrating this crop.}
\label{fig:MCREW_showing_alfalfa_yield_checked_in_Calibrate_Yield_column}
\end{figure}

\textbf{Step 4}: Notice the way the alfalfa crop irrigation and harvests are modeled.
Each hay harvest has an \textit{Irrigation, Start Monitor (Pivot, Linear, Wheelline);
Irrigation, Stop Monitor}; and \textit{Harvest, hay, legume}
operation associated with the harvest.
The irrigation is stopped 7 days before harvest
to allow the soil surface to dry out enough to help cure the hay.

\textbf{Step 5}: Click the WEPS Run button
{\scalerel*{\includegraphics{images/icons/calibraterun.png}}{\strut}
to see where the yields fall out without calibration.
name the run: \textbf{Alfalfa 3yr-Potato-WWheat, circle irr CMZ 49}.

The yields in this Run Summary are on the second page.
To flip to that page,
click the right-arrow {\scalerel*{\includegraphics{images/icons/rightarrow.png}}{\strut}
in that report's tool bar.
Note that the annual average yields are
(0.8+0.8+0.7+0.7+0.6) = \textbf{3.6},
(0.4+01.3+0.9+0.9+0.7) = \textbf{4.2}
and
(0.3+1.4+0.9+0.9+0.7) = \textbf{4.2 t/ac per year}
for each of the three years of alfalfa
shown \inlinebox[colframe=red]{boxed in red} within
\cref{fig:Alfalfa_yields_displayed_on_page_2_of_the_Run_Summary}.
That is significantly less than the desired 6.5 t/ac per year expected.
We will calibrate the alfalfa crop to boost its average annual yields
as well as the potato and winter wheat crops,
shown \inlinebox[colframe=green]{boxed in green} in
\cref{fig:Alfalfa_yields_displayed_on_page_2_of_the_Run_Summary},
which are both also under performing for this scenario.

\begin{figure}[H]
\centering
	\includegraphics[scale=1.7]{images/Example_5/Alfalfa_yield_ex_5.jpg}
\caption{Alfalfa yields displayed on page 2 of the Run Summary.}
\label{fig:Alfalfa_yields_displayed_on_page_2_of_the_Run_Summary}
\end{figure}

\textbf{Step 6}: Click the Calibration Run button {\scalerel*{\includegraphics{images/icons/calibraterun.png}}{\strut}
and name the run: \textbf{Alfalfa 3yr-Potato-WWheat, circle irr CMZ 49\_calib}.
Note that the \textit{"\_calib"} should get appended automatically since we have specified
a Yield Calibration run to be performed.
This file is a long 5 year rotation.
It may take the computer several minutes to calibrate the 250 year run.
If you plan to use these calibrated crop records in future runs that are similar to this run,
you should use the \textbf{Save As} button to store the Biomass Adjustment Factor's
for each of the crops to new records in the local \textbf{crops} folder
with appropriate names to remind you what they are.

\textbf{Step 6a}:
In the \textbf{Calibration Factors} window
that pops up at the conclusion of the Yield Calibration run
(\cref{fig:Crop_Calib_window_ex_5}),
click on the \textbf{Save As} buttons for each crop and name them
\textbf{Wheat, winter, grain\_CALIB},
\textbf{Alfalfa, hay\_CALIB}
and
\textbf{Potato, tubers\_CALIB}
respectively when saving them in the
\textit{local} crop records folder.
Note that the \textit{"\_CALIB"} text should get appended automatically by default.
One can always rename the default filename suggestions at this time in the WEPS FileChooser window,
if desired. 


\begin{figure}[H]
\centering
	\includegraphics[scale=1.7]{images/Example_5/Crop_Calib_window_ex_5.jpg}
\caption{Biomass Adjustment Factors for the calibrated crops.}
\label{fig:Crop_Calib_window_ex_5}
\end{figure}

\textbf{Step 6b}: Now click \textbf{Use in Current Project} to update the management record to use the calibrated crop records.
The management record will now automatically have \textbf{\_CALIB} appended to the management filename.

The yields in this Run Summary are on the second page.
To flip to that page,
click the right-arrow {\scalerel*{\includegraphics{images/icons/rightarrow.png}}{\strut}
in the tool bar. 

\begin{figure}[H]
\centering
	\includegraphics[scale=1.7]{images/Example_5/Alfalfa_calib_yield_ex_5.jpg}
\caption{Calibrated crop yields displayed on page 2 of the Run Summary.}
\label{fig:Calibrated_crop_yields_displayed_on_page_2_of_the_Run_Summary}
\end{figure}

As mentioned previously in the footnote,
WEPS does not calibrate each cutting of hay in a year,
but only the average yield for the single selected harvest cutting.
All other harvests for that crop will also be automatically adjusted as well,
based upon the new calibration value and the climatic effects upon the growth of the crop
prior to each harvest.
In this example, adding 
up the yield in each of the three years gives \textbf{6.4, 7.2 and 7.2 t/ac per year}
in year 02, 03 and 04 respectively,
shown \inlinebox[colframe=red]{boxed in red},
for an annual average of \textbf{6.9 t/ac} yield of hay per year 
(\cref{fig:Calibrated_crop_yields_displayed_on_page_2_of_the_Run_Summary}).
Remember the reported yield was 6 to 7 t/ac/yr.

The \textbf{Jul 15, 03} date's harvest is
\inlinebox[colframe=green]{boxed in green} displaying a yield of
\textbf{1.3 t/ac per year} for that harvest,
which was the designated target yield for that selected harvest date
(\cref{fig:Calibrated_crop_yields_displayed_on_page_2_of_the_Run_Summary}}).
Both the winter wheat and potato yields are also \inlinebox[colframe=green]{boxed in green}
and are now very close to their target yields as well
(\cref{fig:Calibrated_crop_yields_displayed_on_page_2_of_the_Run_Summary}).


\textbf{Step 7}: Click back to page 1 of the Run Summary.
Year 5 when potatoes are grown and year 1 when winter wheat is growing have high soil loss
(\cref{fig:QuickPlot_Erosion_Report_showing_high_soil_loss_following_potato_harvest})
with the specific erosion rates of \textbf{31.1 and 72.4 t/ac} provided in
\cref{fig:Summary_Report_showing_high_soil_loss_in_year_1_and_5}.

\begin{figure}[H]
\centering
	\includegraphics[scale=1.9]{images/Example_5/QuickPlot_Report_high_soil_loss_ex5.jpg}
\caption{QuickPlot Erosion Report showing high soil loss following potato harvest.}
\label{fig:QuickPlot_Erosion_Report_showing_high_soil_loss_following_potato_harvest}
\end{figure}

This is likely due to low residue and limited above ground biomass
winter wheat growth following the potato harvest.
This is confirmed in
\cref{fig:Summary_Report_showing_high_soil_loss_in_year_1_and_5}
with the \textbf{99.4 t/ac} for the NRCS Crop Interval Erosion
table for the winter wheat crop interval,
because NRCS Crop Intervals include the fallow period prior to the planting of the crop
after the harvest of the previous crop.

\begin{figure}[H]
\centering
	\includegraphics[scale=1.9]{images/Example_5/Summary_Report_high_soil_loss_ex5.jpg}
\caption{fig:Summary Report showing high soil loss in year 1 and 5.}
\label{fig:Summary_Report_showing_high_soil_loss_in_year_1_and_5}
\end{figure}

We have suggested that the high erosion rates in year 5 and 1 are likely due to the low
after harvest residue following the potato harvest
as well as limited above ground biomass growth from the subsequent winter wheat crop
going into the winter.

\textbf{How can we confirm that is the case?}
Go to the Detailed Report {\scalerel*{\includegraphics{images/icons/ReportD.png}}{\strut}.

\textbf{Answer}: Potatoes do not produce much residue
and the harvest process leaves very little residue on the surface
(\textbf{299 lbs/ac} of flat mass) after planting the winter wheat
(\cref{fig:Detailed_Report_showing_high_soil_loss_and_low_biomass_after_Potato_year_5}).
The winter wheat planted after the potato harvest is seeded very late in the year
and also does not produce the growth required to control erosion by the end of the calendar year
(\textbf{46 lbs/ac} of leaf and stem mass) as shown in
\cref{fig:Detailed_Report_showing_high_soil_loss_and_low_biomass_after_Potato_year_5}.

\begin{figure}[H]
\centering
	\includegraphics[scale=1.47]{images/Example_5/potatoe_detail_report_ex5.jpg}
\caption{Detailed Report showing high soil loss and low biomass after Potato year 5.}
\label{fig:Detailed_Report_showing_high_soil_loss_and_low_biomass_after_Potato_year_5}
\end{figure}

\textbf{What is the highest period of loss in the Potato year?}

\textbf{Answer:}  \textbf{Mar 1-14, 01} at \textbf{28.0 t/ac}
(\cref{fig:Detailed_Report_showing_high_soil_loss_and_low_biomass_after_Potato_year_1}). 


\textbf{Why is it so high?} 

\textbf{Answer}: After potatoes, there is only a small amount of potato vine residue left
(\textbf{241 lbs/ac} of flat mass by this date)
and the growing winter wheat has still produced insufficient leaf and stem mass
(only \textbf{60 lbs/ac}) to protect the field ({\cref{fig:Detailed_Report_showing_high_soil_loss_and_low_biomass_after_Potato_year_1}}). 

\begin{figure}[H]
\centering
	\includegraphics[scale=1.47]{images/Example_5/potato_detail_report_1_ex5.jpg}
\caption{Detailed Report showing high soil loss and low biomass after potato harvest in year 1.}
\label{fig:Detailed_Report_showing_high_soil_loss_and_low_biomass_after_Potato_year_1}
\end{figure}

\textbf{Why is this period showing even more erosion than the Oct-Dec, year 5 time frame following the potato harvest?}

\textbf{Answer:} Because March (and April) have the most erosive wind energy during the year at this location
(\cref{fig:Monthly_wind_energy_statistics_ex5}).

\begin{figure}[H]
\centering
	\includegraphics[scale=1.9]{images/Example_5/Wind_Energy_ex5.jpg}
\caption{Monthly wind energy statistics for Example 5 location.}
\label{fig:Monthly_wind_energy_statistics_ex5}
\end{figure}

\subsection{Adding another year of alfalfa} \label{subsec:Adding another year of alfalfa}
The producer reports that sometimes he adds another year of alfalfa to the rotation
if the hay market is promising and the stand of alfalfa is satisfactory.
In this part of the exercise, the editing power of MCREW will be put to use.

\textbf{Step 1}: Close any remaining report screens. From the main interface,
open the management editor {\scalerel*{\includegraphics{images/icons/manNew.jpg}}{\strut}. 
Scroll down the \textit{Operation Name} column list until you get to the \textbf{Mar 15, 04} date,
\textbf{Irrigation, Start Monitor (pivot, linear, wheelline)} operation.
From there, press the left mouse button and drag down to select all the operations of year 04,
then release the left mouse button.
Right click in the \textit{Operation Name} column and select the \textbf{Copy Row(s)}
menu option from the popup menu
({\cref{fig:Operations_for_Alfalfa_year_04_selected_for_copying}}).


\begin{figure}[H]
\centering
	\includegraphics[scale=1.9]{images/Example_5/MCREW_irrigation_alfalfa_ex_5.jpg}
\caption{Operations for Alfalfa year 04 selected for copying.}
\label{fig:Operations_for_Alfalfa_year_04_selected_for_copying}
\end{figure}


\textbf{Step 2}: Select the \textbf{Disk, tandem heavy primary} operation
on \textbf{Apr 10, 05} with the mouse pointer.
Press and release the left mouse button to select that operation.
Right click in the \textit{Operation Name} column and select the \textbf{Paste Row(s)}
menu option from the popup menu.
This will insert a copy of all of the selected operations
immediately prior to the \textbf{Apr 10, 05} date in MCREW.
You have now made a complete set of operations for another year of alfalfa.
Note that the dates still have year 4 instead of year 5.
With the group of cells still highlighted,
right-click in the \textit{Date} column and select \textbf{Increment Year}
({\cref{fig:Incrementing the year of the copied operations}}).
This will adjust the selected operation dates forward one year in the rotation.

\begin{figure}[H]
\centering
	\includegraphics[scale=1.9]{images/Example_5/MCREW_incrementing_year_ex_5.jpg}
\caption{Incrementing the year of the copied operations.}
\label{fig:Incrementing the year of the copied operations}
\end{figure}


\textbf{Step 3}: Finally, highlight the Disk from \textbf{Apr 10, 05} through the end of the file.
Right click the date column and increment the year.
The year should now be 06 for all of these selected operation dates.
We have added another year to the rotation so we must change the \textbf{Years in Rotation} box
at the top of the editor screen from 5 to \textbf{6} ({\cref{fig:MCREW_window_after_adding_another_year_of_alfalfa_with_corrected_dates}}).
If we forget to make this change, a popup window will appear
reminding us of the rotation length discrepancy
when we attempt to save the modified rotation.
MCREW will not allow one to save a rotation
if there are any operation dates for years listed later than the rotation length.

\begin{figure}[H]
\centering
	\includegraphics[scale=1.9]{images/Example_5/MCREW_additionalalfalfa_correctdates_ex5.jpg}
\caption{MCREW window after adding another year of alfalfa, with dates being adjusted.}
\label{fig:MCREW_window_after_adding_another_year_of_alfalfa_with_corrected_dates}
\end{figure}

Once you are sure all the dates are correct and sequential,
click the \textbf{File} menu and select the \textbf{Save As...} menu option.
Name the file \textbf{Alfalfa, fall seed, 4yr-Potato-WWheat, circle irr CMZ49{\_}CALIB}
and then click on the \textbf{Save As} button in the WEPS FileChooser window
(\cref{fig:WEPS_FileChooser_4-yr_alfalfa_rotation_ex5}).

\begin{figure}[H]
\centering
	\includegraphics[scale=1.9]{images/Example_5/WEPS_FileChooser_4-yr_alfalfa_rotation_ex5.jpg}
\caption{MCREW WEPS FileChooser used to name the edited management file.}
\label{fig:WEPS_FileChooser_4-yr_alfalfa_rotation_ex5}
\end{figure}

\textbf{Step 4}: We can now run the management without calibration
since we saved the previous run and added back to the management file the Biomass Adjustment Factors
for alfalfa (1.45), potatoes (2.2), and the winter wheat (1.84).
We can verify that we are using these calibration adjusted values
by clicking on the \textbf{View} menu and selecting the \textbf{Calibration} option.
Additional columns will display in MCREW.
One can scroll horizontally to the left until the \textbf{Biomass Adj. Factor} column displays.
The user can then scroll vertically to see if the desired values for each crop are correctly set.
They should be.

\textbf{Step 5}: Click Run {\scalerel*{\includegraphics{images/icons/run_button.png}}{\strut}
and name it \textbf{Alfalfa 4yr-Potato-WWheat, circle irr CMZ 49}. 

\begin{figure}[H]
\centering
	\includegraphics[scale=1.9]{images/Example_5/Run_summary_soil_loss_ex_5.jpg}
\caption{Run Summary showing Average Annual Soil Loss.}
\label{fig:Run_Summary_showing_Average_Annual_Soil_Loss}
\end{figure}

The erosion rate is now \textbf{17.5 t/ac} per year ({\cref{fig:Run_Summary_showing_Average_Annual_Soil_Loss}}).
This is an improvement from the previous \textbf{20.7 t/ac} on average for the older and shorter duration rotation,
but this is primarily due to the increased length of the modified rotation with another alfalfa year
providing zero wind erosion.
More will still have to be done to conserve the soil on this field.

Note that increasing the rotation length with low wind erosion risk crops like alfalfa
can help a producer achieve the goal of lowering their annual wind erosion rate below
the soil loss tolerance value for a given rotation.
However, that approach is not addressing the real wind erosion issues on such sites.
The periods of high wind erosion rates will still exist if not properly addressed.
The producer will still be at risk of blowing out seedlings, filling road ditches with soil,
risk reducing the field's long term productivity due to losing the most fertile portion of the soil
and possibly causing visibility issues on adjacent and nearby roads downwind of such sites.



\subsection{Reducing wind erosion to acceptable levels} \label{subsec:Reducing wind erosion to acceptable levels}
Since this particular scenario is still simulating excessive erosion results,
even with four years of alfalfa in the rotation,
we must make additional changes in the rotation practices to get it under control.

We know that we have little residue after the potato harvest
and the winter wheat does not provide enough growth for adequate vegetative cover
going into the winter.
So, without modifying the crop rotation and/or the crop varieties grown,
we must rely on wind erosion control techniques for nearly bare soil surfaces,
such as:
a) increasing the surface random and/or oriented roughness;
b) setting the ridge/row orientation perpendicular to the prevailing erosive winds; and/or
c) shortening the field width perpendicular to the most erosive winds by employing strip cropping practices.
We will look at options a) and b) first
by attempting to provide additional ridging during the wheat planting operation
and re-orienting the ridges to hopefully bring the erosion under control.

From the \textit{Wind Station Data} report
(\cref{fig:Monthly_wind_energy_statistics_ex5}),
we can see that the prevailing wind direction (PWED) for each month
during the late fall, winter and early spring are from the \textbf{SSW, S, N, SW and WSW} directions.
Previous simulations have been using the default ridge/row orientation of 0\textdegree or the North/South direction,
which the producer has stated they are currently using.
If we select the ridge/row orientation to \textbf{-45\textdegree},
we will not be parallel with any of these
prevailing wind directions.

We also want to create much larger ridges.
The current hoe drill only creates an initial 1 inch ridge, with the winter wheat being planted in the furrow.
We will select a different planting operation that intentionally creates much taller ridges
and still allows the crop to be planted in 8 inch rows, both on the ridge top and within the furrow.

We will see if these proposed changes will adequately reduce our predicted erosion levels on this site.

\textbf{Step 1}: Go to MCREW and go to the winter wheat seeding operation.
Click on the down arrow to bring up the operation selection menu.
Select the \textbf{Planter, double disk opener on 12 inch high beds} operation
in the \textbf{Seeding, Planter} category folder
(unless WEPS is configured to list all operations alphabetically instead of by category)
to replace the current operation.
We are selecting this operation because we don't have any \textit{drills}
that we can easily configure to plant on large ridges at this time
(probably an oversight on our part).

\textbf{Step 2}: Since selecting a replacement seeding operation will also remove the
previously selected crop, we will need to re-select the winter wheat crop record.
Since we have previously saved a local copy of the calibrated winter wheat record,
we will retrieve it here.
If one did not save a local copy of the winter wheat crop record,
reselect the original CRLMOD crop record and manually set the Bio. Adj. Factor
to the calibrated value of 1.84.

\textbf{Step 3}: Set the \textit{Row/Ridge Dir. (Deg.)} cell for this seeding operation
to \textbf{-45\textdegree}.

\textbf{Step 4}: Select the folder \textit{drilldown} icon
and then select the \textbf{Seeding Configuration} tab in the popup window.

\textbf{Step 5}: As shown in
\cref{fig:Seeding_operation_drilldown_screen_settings_ex5}:
a) Select the \textbf{Use Specified Row Spacing} for the \textit{Type of Planting} field.
b) Change the \textit{Crop row spacing} field to \textbf{8 inches}.
c) Ensure that the \textbf{Seed row placed on ridge top} option is specified
for the \textit{Seed placement (ridge/furrow)} field.

These settings will allow the winter wheat to be planted on the ridges as well as the furrows
to help the limited wheat cover produced better protect the field from wind erosion
and allow the ridge roughness to be oriented across the prevailing wind directions.

\begin{figure}[H]
\centering
	\includegraphics[scale=1.9]{images/Example_5/Drilldown_settings_ex_5.jpg}
\caption{Seeding operation drilldown screen settings.}
\label{fig:Seeding_operation_drilldown_screen_settings_ex5}
\end{figure}

\textbf{Step 6}: Save and rename the management rotation file:
\textbf{Alfalfa, fall seed, 4yr-Potato\_WWheat, circle irr CMZ49-drill\_on\_ridges\_CALIB}.

\textbf{Step 7}: Make a standard WEPS run usign the previous calibrated values
and name the run:
\textbf{Alfalfa, fall seed, 4yr-WWheat, circle irr CMZ49\_WW\_planter\_adj}.

The average annual erosion rate is now \textbf{2.0 t/a}
(\cref{fig:Oriented_ridge_report_ex5}),
which is well within NRCS limits.

\begin{figure}[H]
\centering
	\includegraphics[scale=1.9]{images/Example_5/Oriented_ridge_report_ex_5.jpg}
\caption{Seeding operation drilldown screen settings.}
\label{fig:Oriented_ridge_report_ex5}
\end{figure}

Note that there are additional options that can and probably should be explored
as solutions for the erosion issues which occur on this site:

\begin{itemize}[noitemsep]
\item{
	Stay with a late season potato variety, use series of herbacious wind barriers
	using WEPS to help design them.
	This works in other parts of the country.}
\item{
	Sudan or cheap corn, etc. - need decent height growth - withd of strip 120 inches or 10 ft (3 rows),
	between strips, max 100 ft (use WEPS to assist in design).}
\item{
	Harvest strips of early potato variety, get wheat established in strips,
	then harvest remaining strips of later maturity potato and plant later wheat.}
\item{
	Plant whole field to earlier maturity potato variety, if possible,
	to allow earlier wheat seeding in early September.}
\item{
	When precision irrigation becomes more common,
	strip cropping the field will be more feasible under a center pivot system.}
\end{itemize}

the last option is probably the best for consistently controlling erosion on this site
as it would reduce the potential run length available for dust emissions.
This is being suggested because the suspension component of the erosion emissions
is greater than the creep/saltation component (around double) for most of the wind erosion events.
This is probably best visualized from the
\textbf{Wind Erosion Soil Loss (Creep+Salt, Susp)} QuickPlot graph report on page 7
(\cref{fig:QuickPlot_Erosion_Report_showing_creep+saltation_suspension_soil_loss_following_potato_harvest}).

\begin{figure}[H]
\centering
	\includegraphics[scale=1.9]{images/Example_5/QuickPlot_Report_high_soil_loss2_ex5.jpg}
\caption{QuickPlot Erosion Report showing creep+saltation and suspension soil loss following potato harvest.}
\label{fig:QuickPlot_Erosion_Report_showing_creep+saltation_suspension_soil_loss_following_potato_harvest}
\end{figure}

Likewise, one can find additional evidence that these wind erosion events are significant
due to the high fraction of the total field surface experiencing high flux events.
These "high flux" regions are where WEPS computes net erosion as essentially zero
for creep and saltation soil loss (suspension soil loss does still occur here though).
This is because the creep+saltation soil component load over the surface has reached the maximum
that can be carried by the wind.
However, these regions' surfaces are still being heavily bombarded by these moving
larger saltation and creep size soil components,
which breaks down larger particles into the smaller suspension size material
that will still be emitted from the surface and carried off the field.

These regions are as high as 67$\%$ of the field for some periods in the run
with the large ridges that were re-oriented and averaged greater than 50$\%$ for all periods
in the previous runs made prior to those changes.
Here is an example of some periods with approximately 30$\%$ of the area
registered as "high flux" regions
(\cref{fig:Detailed_Report_showing_high_flux_regions_ex5}).

\begin{figure}[H]
\centering
	\includegraphics[scale=1.47]{images/Example_5/Detail_report_high_flux_ex5.jpg}
\caption{Detailed Report showing high flux regions in year 1 following potato harvest.}
\label{fig:Detailed_Report_showing_high_flux_regions_ex5}
\end{figure}

The only way to address this issue is to somehow reduce or eliminate
the unimpeded movement of the saltation and creep size particles,
if increasing residue and/or vegetative cover are not options.
The best approaches to doing that are to strip crop the field or create wind barriers
appropriately spaced to limit or stop the creep and saltation particle movement on the surface.


\end{document}