\documentclass[10pt,letterpaper, final]{report} % \documentclass{} required in all files

\usepackage{../preamble/myWEPS} % This is now our single preamble file inclusion (it assumes a “.sty” file extension)

\usepackage{multirow}


\begin{document}

%\section{Exercise 6 - Tomatoes, Rye Cover Crop and Plastic Mulch \label{sec:Tomatoes, Rye cover Crop and Plastic Mulch}

\subsection{Skill Building} \label{subsec:Skill_Building_6}

This exercise begins with a template rotation.
Rye for winter cover and plastic mulch are added to the basic run.
Often there is no cover between crop rows.
This exercise should give the user a sense of value for these conservation practices.
The picture below ({\cref{fig:Onions with plastic mulch and rye between the rows}})
is an example of plastic mulch with a rye inter-furrow cover crop and onions.
The current version of WEPS does not directly model temporary barriers (between the rows)
or two crops growing simultaneously as shown below,
but it can simulate these situations nonetheless.


\begin{figure}[H]
\centering
	\includegraphics[scale=5]{images/Example_6/Ex6-1.jpg}
\caption{Onions with plastic mulch and rye between the rows.}
\label{fig:Onions with plastic mulch and rye between the rows}
\end{figure}

We will model systems with cover crops planted either in the fall or spring
and plastic mulch added to the field at or near planting time
for the crop (in this case tomatoes).
The mulch is accounted for in WEPS as a \textit{special residue}.
Therefore we can grow any other crop with plastic mulch in place.
We can count the green cover crop as residue when we plant the tomatoes
if we place a "kill crop" operation before planting the tomatoes.
This means that even though the rye is still growing, WEPS will not show rye growth.
WEPS will however show the amount of rye biomass as dead residue
when the tomatoes are planted thus providing the intended protection.

\begin{figure}[H]
\centering
	\includegraphics[scale=1.7]{images/Example_6/WEPS_interface_ex6.jpg}
\caption{WEPS interface with initial run information.}
\label{fig:WEPS_interface_with_initial_run_information}
\end{figure}

\subsection{Scenario} \label{subsec:Scenario_6}

\begin{itemize}

\item{The field we are working with is in \textbf{Suffolk County, New York}.}
\item{The approximate location coordinates we will use
for the actual field site are: \textbf{40.94527º N, 72.29634º W}.}
\item{The soil is a Riverhead Sandy Loam \textbf{(Riverhead{\_}RdA{\_}80{\_}SL.ifc)}.}
\item{The Cligen station is \textbf{Riverhead Research}.}
\item{The Windgen station is \textbf{Interpolated}.}
\item{The simulation region is \textbf{600 ft for the X-Length} and \textbf{1000 feet
for the Y-Length} to give a field size of 13.8 acres.}
\item{The field is oriented \textbf{-15.0 degrees} from true North (i.e., 345 degrees).}
\item{The producer grows tomatoes, expecting yields of \textbf{300 cwt/ac}.}
\item{The field is tilled parallel to its long side.}
\item{The producer indicates that in some years, there is damage to the young tomato transplants from abrasion by blowing soil.}

\end{itemize}

\textbf{Step 1}: Open the WEPS interface and enter the information as shown ({\cref{fig:WEPS_interface_with_initial_run_information}}). 

Select the soil \textbf{Riverhead{\_}NY103{\_}RdA{\_}80{\_}SL}
from the \textit{CSIP Soil Service}
and the \textbf{Tomato, conv, no plastic, Z6}
management template from \textit{System Templates}.
This is the management without the rye cover crop or the plastic mulch applied. 

\textbf{Step 2}: Open MCREW to check the settings.
The tillage must be parallel to the orientation of the field,
so the \textit{Row/Ridge Dir. (Deg.)} column
should have all operations set to \textbf{-15\textdegree}.
To set the direction,
select all the rows in the \textit{Row/Ridge Dir. (Deg.)} column with values
and right-click to bring up the column specific menu
and select \textit{Decrement 15 deg},
or adjust the direction by using alternate appropriate options in MCREW.
When the settings match
{\cref{fig:Management_adjustments_for_the_run}},
click Return {\scalerel*{\includegraphics{images/icons/close.png}}{\strut}.

\begin{figure}[H]
\centering
	\includegraphics[scale=1.9]{images/Example_6/MCREW_adjustments_ex6.jpg}
\caption{Management adjustments for the run.}
\label{fig:Management_adjustments_for_the_run}
\end{figure}

\textbf{Step 3}: Make the run and save it as \textbf{Tomato, conv, no plastic, z65.}


\begin{figure}[H]
\centering
	\includegraphics[scale=1.9]{images/Example_6/Run_summary_tomato_ex_6.jpg}
\caption{Run Summary showing soil loss and yields for the tomato crop.}
\label{fig:Run_Summary_showing_soil_loss_and_yields_for_the_tomato_crop}
\end{figure}

The yield is close to the expected 300 cwt/ac at 348.6 cwt/ac ({\cref{fig:Run_Summary_showing_soil_loss_and_yields_for_the_tomato_crop}}).
The average annual gross loss is 4.4 t/ac.
If we look at the Tabular Detail Report though,
we will see that most of the erosion occurs before and around planting time ({\cref{fig:WEPS_Tabular_Detail_Report_highlighting_when_wind_erosion_occurs}}).
A QuickPlot could also be used to determine when the erosion is occurring
such as this \textit{Wind Erosion Soil Loss (Creep+Salt, Susp)} graph
({\cref{fig:WEPS_QuickPlot_Report_highlighting_when_wind_erosion_occurs}})
accessible via the QuickPlot's menu on the toolbar
of the WEPS main interface or any of the WEPS reports.
Regardless, we must protect the young tomatoes better.
See the tolerance for tomatoes (see \cref{table:Crop_Tolerance_Ex1}).
So, we will test the effect of a rye cover crop.

\begin{figure}[H]
\centering
	\includegraphics[scale=1.5]{images/Example_6/Tab_Det_Report_Ex6.jpg}
\caption{WEPS Tabular Detail Report highlighting when wind erosion occurs.}
\label{fig:WEPS_Tabular_Detail_Report_highlighting_when_wind_erosion_occurs}
\end{figure}

\begin{figure}[H]
\centering
	\includegraphics[scale=1.5]{images/Example_6/QuickPlot_Report_Ex6.jpg}
\caption{WEPS QuickPlot Report highlighting when wind erosion occurs.}
\label{fig:WEPS_QuickPlot_Report_highlighting_when_wind_erosion_occurs}
\end{figure}



\subsection{Adding a Rye Cover Crop after Tomato Harvest} \label{subsec:Adding a Rye Cover Crop after Tomato Harvest}

\textbf{Step 1}:
Make the following adjustments listed here in MCREW
as shown in {\cref{fig:MCREW set for the second run}}.

\textbf{Step 1a}:
In the MCREW, change the \textit{Kill Crop}\footnote{
Note that WEPS now automatically kills a crop due to frost,
if the crop is expected to terminate under such temperatures.
When the rotation was originally created, that was not the case,
so that is likely the reason for its presence in this rotation.
Therefore, this operation is technically no longer required
to simulate a killing frost condition in WEPS.}
(killing frost) operation to \textbf{Drill or airseeder, double disk}.

\textbf{Step 1b}:
Select \textbf{Rye, cereal, winter, grain} for the crop to be planted.

\textbf{Step 1c}:
Change the date to \textbf{Aug. 1, 01} for this planting.

\textbf{Step 1d}:
Now insert a light disk 5 days after harvest (\textbf{Disk, tandem light finishing, Jul 20, 01}). 

\textbf{Step 1e}:
Click the Sort icon {\scalerel*{\includegraphics{images/icons/sortbutton.give.jpg}}{\strut}
to arrange the operations in chronological order, if necessary

\textbf{Step 1f}:
Correct the operation directions to \textbf{-15\textdegree}.

%% I think this is the one with a problem
\begin{figure}[H]
\centering
	\includegraphics[scale=1.9]{images/Example_6/MCREW_secondrun_ex6.jpg}
\caption{MCREW set for the second run.}
\label{fig:MCREW set for the second run}
\end{figure}


Save the file with a new name by clicking ‘File’, ‘Save as...’, and enter \textbf{Tomato, rye cover, conv no plastic, z65.man}. Click the Return button {\scalerel*{\includegraphics{images/icons/close.png}}{\strut}.

\textbf{Step 2}: Make the run and call it \textbf{Tomato, rye cover, conv, no plastic, z65}.


\begin{figure}[H]
\centering
	\includegraphics[scale=1.9]{images/Example_6/Run_summary_tomato_ryecc_ex6.jpg}
\caption{Run Summary showing soil loss after adding the rye cover crop.}
\label{fig:Run_Summary_showing_soil_loss_after_adding_the_rye_cover_crop}
\end{figure}

Soil loss is down to \textbf{1.4 t/ac}
({\cref{fig:Run_Summary_showing_soil_loss_after_adding_the_rye_cover_crop}}).
This is a reduction well below the soil loss tolerance level. 

Harvest yield is a little higher than the target at 300 cwt/ac.
In this case, we are now showing no erosion during the early growth of the tomato crop.
With a sensitive crop like tomatoes, it may be worthwhile to protect them even more.
Open the Detailed Report to determine which erosion period is the priority.

\begin{figure}[H]
\centering
	\includegraphics[scale=1.5]{images/Example_6/Tab_Det_Report_Ryecc_ex6.jpg}
\caption{Detailed report with the preeminent erosion period selected.}
\label{fig:Detailed_report_with_the_preeminent_erosion_period_selected}
\end{figure}

Although erosion is still occurring in summer and fall,
that period is of little concern,
because the growing rye is more tolerant of soil loss than tomatoes.
May 1-14, 01 is the important time window
because there are fragile tomato plants being subjected to soil abrasion
({\cref{fig:Detailed_report_with_the_preeminent_erosion_period_selected}}).
Even though we are showing 0.0 t/ac for that period,
the farmer is concerned about using the rye cover crop approach due to potential disease issues.
He is interested in looking at additional alternatives that can protect his tomato plants.

\subsection{Adding Plastic Mulch} \label{subsec:Adding Plastic Mulch}

\textbf{Step 1}:
Close the reports so that only the WEPS interface remains.

\textbf{Step 1a}:
Open MCREW to view the \textit{Tomato, rye cover, conv no plastic Z65.man} file.
Save the file as \textbf{Tomato, plastic mulch, conv z65}.

\textbf{Step 1b}:
Right-click in the operation column on the \textit{May 01, 01},
\textit{Planter, transplanter, no beds} operation.
Select \textit{Insert operation}.
Select \textbf{Plastic mulch applicator 75 percent cover} and set the date to \textbf{May 01, 01}.

\textbf{Step 1c}:
The mulch application requires a Crop or Residue record.
Select \textbf{plastic or permeable mulch}.

\textbf{Step 1d}:
Set the angle of tillage to \textbf{-15 degrees}.
Do not adjust the default amount of 1902.81 lbs/acre
under the \textit{Flat Residue Applied (lbs/acre)} column.
That is the amount of residue previously determined to simulate the desired effectiveness of the plastic mulch. 

\textbf{Step 2}:
Replace the \textit{Disk, tandem light finishing} operation  on \textit{Jul 20, 01}
with \textbf{Plastic or permeable weed barrier, remove} the operation
by right clicking on the down arrow button.
Set the date to \textbf{Apr 14, 01}.

\textbf{Step 3}:
Change the harvest operation for the tomatoes to \textbf{Harvest, vine crops}.

\textbf{Step 4}:
Finally Remove the \textbf{Drill or air seeder, double} disk operation for the rye. 

\textbf{Step 5}:
Click the Sort icon \scalerel*{\includegraphics{images/icons/sortbutton.give.jpg}}{\strut}
to arrange the operations in chronological order.
The completed management file should appear as in {\cref{fig:Management_with_plastic_mulch_added}}.

\textbf{Step 6}: Click the blue Return button {\scalerel*{\includegraphics{images/icons/close.png}}{\strut}.

\begin{figure}[H]
\centering
	\includegraphics[scale=1.9]{images/Example_6/MCREW_plasticmulch_ex6.jpg}
\caption{Management with plastic mulch added.}
\label{fig:Management_with_plastic_mulch_added}
\end{figure}

\textbf{Step 7}: Click Run {\scalerel*{\includegraphics{images/icons/run.png}}{\strut}
and save the WEPS Run as \textbf{Tomato, plastic mulch, conv z65}.

\begin{figure}[H]
\centering
	\includegraphics[scale=1.9]{images/Example_6/Run_summary_plasticmulch_ex6.jpg}
\caption{Run Summary after adding the plastic mulch.}
\label{fig:Run_Summary_after_adding_the_plastic_mulch}
\end{figure}

The Run Summary shows similar yield as expected and essentially a zero (Trace) Average Annual Gross Soil Loss
({\cref{fig:Run_Summary_after_adding_the_plastic_mulch}}).
However, the primary concern was specifically about the erosion during tomato planting and growth times
which are good.

The Tabular Detailed Report {\scalerel*{\includegraphics{images/icons/ReportD.png}}{\strut}
reveals how well the mulch protected both the soil and the tomato plants at the most critical time (May 1-14, 01)
({\cref{fig:Detailed_Report_showing_no_loss_of_soil_prior_to_the_time_of_tomato_planting_and_growth}}).
With the plastic mulch in place, no soil is lost to wind erosion.
The obvious benefits of the mulch are that the tomatoes are certainly not damaged using the plastic,
the yield is similar, and the crop does not have to be replanted.

\begin{figure}[H]
\centering
	\includegraphics[scale=1.45]{images/Example_6/Tab_Det_Report_plasticmulch_ex6.jpg}
\caption{Detailed Report showing no loss of soil prior to the time of tomato planting and growth.}
\label{fig:Detailed_Report_showing_no_loss_of_soil_prior_to_the_time_of_tomato_planting_and_growth}
\end{figure}

\end{document}